5 介词.pptVIP

5 介词 介词的分类 介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一定成分。　　 介词分为：简单介词，如at, in, for等；合成介词，如within, inside, onto, throughout等；短语介词，如according to, out of, because of, by means of, in spite of, instead of等；双重介词，如from behind / above / under, until after等；分词介词，如considering, including, judging (from / by) 等。 介 词 一、方位介词 1．above，over，on；below，under，beneath (1)above侧重于相对水平高度，不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。 (2)over侧重于垂直高度，即位于正上方，其反义词是under。 (3)on侧重于与物体表面接触，其反义词是beneath。 Be careful; there is a heavy box over your head. The position he pointed to was below the sea level. 2．across，over，through，past across意为“横穿, 穿越”，表示运动发生在物体的表面。over意为“跨过，越过”，表示运动发生在物体的上方。through意为“穿过，通过”，表示运动发生在某物的空间内。past意为“从……旁经过”，表示运动发生在某物的旁边。 The Great Wall winds its way from west to east，across desert，over mountains，through valleys till at last it reaches the sea. 3．in，on，to在方位名词前的区别 in表示在范围之内；to表示在某范围之外的地方；on表示“毗邻”“接壤”。 Shandong Province is/lies in the east of China. Japan is/lies to the east of China. 二、时间介词 1.at，in，on，by，after 2.for，from，since for后接时段的名词词组，表示行为状态持续了多久。from接时间点的名词词组，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续 时间的长短。since接时间点的名词词组，不仅表示行为或状态 的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时 此刻，因而与延续性动词的现在完成时连用。 Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement. My younger sister began to learn dancing from the age of five. He has been working in Tibet since he graduated from college. 三、工具、手段、方式介词 1.by，in，on三词都表示旅行的方式。 名词前有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等时用on/in。 travel to New York in this plane；go to school on my bike 【说明】步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。 on foot，on horseback, on a horse，on the camel 2.with，by，in三词均译为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式。 They are digging with a pick/spade. by hand；in ink in English/Japanese 四、原因介词 She often hangs her head for shame. He went red with anger. The sports meet will be put off till next Saturday because of the heavy rain. His illness was due to smoking and drinking. Thanks to the Party’s good policy，the farmers are now living a happy and rich life. 介词与某些词类的搭配 1.名词与介词的固定搭配 (1)常与