过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译12.docVIP

Reading Material 12 Principles of Momentum transfer 1. Introduction The flow and behavior of fluid is important in many of the unit operations in process engineering. A fluid may be defined as a substance that does not permanently resist distortion and, hence, will change its shape. In this text gases, liquids, and vapors are considered to have the characteristics of fluids and to obey many of the same laws. 2. Fluid Flow The principles of the statics of fluids are almost an exact science. On the other hand, the principles of the motions of fluids are quite complex. The basic relations describing the motions of a fluid are the equations for the overall balances of mass, energy, and momentum, which will be covered in the following sections. The study of momentum transfer, or fluids mechanics as it is often called, can be divided into tow branches: fluid statics, or fluid at rest, and fluid dynamics, or fluids in motion. In other sections we treat fluid statics; in the remaining sections, fluid dynamics. Since in fluid dynamics momentum is being transferred, the term 搈omentum transfer?or 搕ransfer?is usually used. In momentum transfer we treat the fluid as a continuous distribution of matter or as a 揷ontinuum? This treatment as a continuum is valid when the smallest volume of fluid contains a large enough number of molecules so that a statistical average is meaningful and the macroscopic properties of the fluid such as density, pressure, and so on, vary smoothly or continuously from point to point. Like all physical matter, a fluid is composed of an extremely large number of molecules per unit volume. A theory such as the kinetic theory of gases or statistical mechanics treats the motions of molecules in terms of statistical groups and not in terms of individual molecules. In engineering we are mainly concerned with the bulk or macroscopic behavior of a fluid rather than with the individual molecular or microscopic behavior. In the process industries, many of t