【2017年整理】操作系统一计算机发展简史.ppt

计算机发展简史;Knot tying is one of the oldest skills known to man. Many thousands of different knots exist; these are some of the most common.;早期的计算工具 计算尺; Blaise Pascal（布里斯.帕斯卡）制造的世界上第一台机械计算机; 世界上第一台差分机械计算机的发明人查尔斯.巴贝奇;Charles Babbage （查尔斯.巴贝奇）发明的世界上第一台差分机械计算机;早期电子真空管;半导体集成电路板;集成电路板;集成电路板;计算机中的集成电路;计算机中的集成电路芯片 CPU;The Pentium microprocessor (shown at 2.5X magnification) is manufactured by the Intel Corporation. It contains more than three million transistors. The most common semiconductor materials used in making computer chips are the elements silicon and germanium, although nearly all computer chips are made from silicon.;Intel Pentium处理器全家福;In 1965 semiconductor pioneer Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors contained on a computer chip would double every year. This is now known as Moore’s Law, and it has proven to be somewhat accurate. The number of transistors and the computational speed of microprocessors currently doubles approximately every 18 months. Components continue to shrink in size and are becoming faster, cheaper, and more versatile.;Early United States censuses were tabulated by hand, a process that took years. The electric tabulating machine, invented by American engineer Herman Hollerith and first used in the 1890 U.S. census, dramatically reduced the time and effort required to process census data. To use the machine, census clerks converted responses on census questionnaires to holes punched in predetermined locations on paper cards. When pins in the card reader passed through the holes, an electrical circuit was completed that activated the appropriate mechanical counters.;穿孔卡片机械的早期创始人 赫尔曼.赫尔里希;ENIAC (Electronic Numerator, Integrator, And Computer) was the first fully electronic digital computer. Built at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946, it remained in service until 1955. ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and required manual rewiring to be programmed.; 世界上第一台商用电子数字计算机UNIVAC;UNIVAC Computer System ;早期计算机的输入设备 Card Key Punch（穿孔