丁士芳-济南护理会议-休克讲座-终稿-318.ppt

Study measurements were taken in four stages (Figure ?(Figure1).1). In stage one the patient was placed in a semi-recumbent position with the head elevated at 45 degrees. In stage two, the patient was positioned supine with the legs straight and elevated at 45 degrees for two minutes. Stage three readings were taken two minutes after the patient was returned to the baseline position, and stage four immediately following VE. Calibrated automatic bed elevation (using standard ICU beds) was used to move the patient between stages. Products for VE varied according to the order of the attending phy