欧拉公式等人类十大公式.docVIP

三种证明欧拉恒等式的方法（3 methods of proving Eulers Formula ） ??? 注：如下证明我是随便贴上来的，大家不要见怪觉得诶怎么这么简单的东西你也往上弄，我就是要贴 ??? These proofs are pasted here only for fun.Dont be so surprise as its too simple to be proved. 如下证明来自维基百科，本文属于转载如有版权涉及问题，概不负责。 These proofs followling was original state in WIKI. FROM:/wiki/Euler_formula Proofs [edit] Using Taylor series Here is a proof of Eulers formula using Taylor series expansions as well as basic facts about the powers of i: and so on. The functions ex, cos(x) and sin(x) (assuming x is real) can be expressed using their Taylor expansions around zero: For complex z we define each of these functions by the above series, replacing x with z. This is possible because the radius of convergence of each series is infinite. We then find that The rearrangement of terms is justified because each series is absolutely convergent. Taking z = x to be a real number gives the original identity as Euler discovered it. [edit] Using calculus Define the (possibly complex) function f(x), of real variable x, as Division by zero is precluded since the equation implies that is never zero. The derivative of f(x), according to the quotient rule, is: Therefore, f(x) must be a constant function in x. Because f(0) is known, the constant that f(x) equals for all real x is also known. Thus, Rearranging, it follows that Q.E.D. [edit] Using ordinary differential equations Define the function g(x) by Considering that i is constant, the first and second derivatives of g(x) are because i 2 = ?1 by definition. From this the following 2nd-order linear ordinary differential equation is constructed: or Being a 2nd-order differential equation, there are two linearly independent solutions that satisfy it: Both cos(x) and sin(x) are real functions in which the 2nd derivative is identical to the negative of that function. Any linear combination of solutions to a homogeneous differential equation is also a solution. Then, in general, the solution to the differential equati