词根词缀及其构词法研讨.ppt

Chapter 4 Word formation Ⅰ General remarks Various ways of forming words can be classified on the basis of frequency of usage into major or minor process. The major processes are three, namely, compounding (复合), derivation(派生) and conversion (转化). The minor process are several, such as shortening (缩略), words from proper names, back-formation (逆生), reduplication, and etc. Percentage of the word-formation processes since World War II 1. Three major processes (a) Derivation or affixation(17.5%) Prefixation: antihero, nonhero Suffixation: modernize, helpful (b) Compounding or composition(27%) raindrop, snow-white, baby-sit (c) Conversion(10.5%) bottle (verb), buy (noun) These processes account for 55% of the new vocabulary. 2. Eight minor processes (a) Initialisms（首字母连写词） and acronyms（首字母拼音词） (9%) VOA,IOC, TV;UNESCO(联合国教科文组织), NATO. (b) Blending 拼缀法(6%) brunch, motel，smog (c) Clipping截短法(2%) phone, lab (d) Words from proper names (2%) Uncle Sam, Xerox[z??r?ks]复印, 影印; china (e) Back formation逆生法(1%) gangle, vacuumclean, editor (f) Reduplication重叠法(0.5%) go-go 表演歌舞的 walkie-talkie步话机/对讲机 (g) Neoclassical formations (about 4%): psychodelic迷幻剂 , neurolinguistics神经语言 学; (h) Others (about 3%): pizzazz精力,潇洒, gazump房价谈妥后又抬价改售给 Words formed by these minor processes account for 26.5% of the new vocabulary. The remaining 18.5% is from borrowing, e.g. discotheque, ombudsman调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员( 专员）and many others. 4.1 Affixation/Derivation Affixation is the morphological process whereby grammatical or lexical information is added to the base. Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation and suffixation and the differences between them are just the differences between prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base, while suffixes frequently change the words-class of the base. 1. Word-formation rules: The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers