自考《现代语言》复习讲义.docVIP

自考《现代语言学》复习讲义 一、常考题型 1.填空 2.单项选择 3.判断正误 4.解释词语并举例说明 对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明 5.回答问题 做题要求：用英文进行答题。 二、各章节学习要点 Chapter 1 Introduction （绪论） 1.What is linguistics? 1.1 Definition （语言学的定义） P.1 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but in language in general. 1.2 The Scope of linguistics （语言学的研究范畴） P.2—4 The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics(普通语言学).This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas. Main branches of linguistics 语言学的主要分支： 1）phonetics（语音学） 2)phonology （音系学） 3)morphology （形态学） 4)syntax （句法学） 5)semantics （语义学） 6)pragmatics （语用学） The study of all these aspects of language forms the core of linguistics. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applie3d to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics. Macrolinguistics 宏观语言学：1) Psycholingusitcs (心理语言学)；2) Sociolinguistics (社会语言学)；3) Anthropological linguistics (人类语言学)；4) Computational linguistics (计算语言学) 1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics P.4—7 1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive （规定性和描述性） Examples: Don’t say X. People don’t say X. Modern linguistics, i.e., linguistic study carried out in this century is mostly descriptive. 1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic （共时性和历时性） In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. 1.3.3 Speech and writing （口头语和书面语） Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. 1.3.4 Langue and parole （语言和言语） The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century. 1