语言学杨忠第一章.ppt

Exercises: T or F 1. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 2. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 3. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 4. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 6.3 Features of modern linguistics Modern linguistics began in the early 20th century. Its founder is the Swiss scholar, Ferdinand de Saussure. Course in General Linguistics 6.3 Features of modern linguistics Speech vs. writing Synchronic study vs. Diachronic study Descriptive study vs. Prescriptive study Theoretically oriented vs. Pedagogically oriented Some important distinctions in linguistics Synchronic study vs. Diachronic study Descriptive study vs. Prescriptive study langue vs. parole competence vs. performance descriptive vs prescriptive Descriptive ---- describe/analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use (modern linguistic) Prescriptive ----lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar) synchronic vs diachronic Synchronic study---- description of a particular state of language at a single point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study---- description of a language through time (historical development of language over a period of time) langue vs. parole “langue” --- the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community “parole” --- the actual or actualized language, or the realization of langue in actual use. (Saussure) competence vs. performance (Chomsky) competence” ---- the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. “performance”---- the actual realization of th