过程控制-专业英语-第一章.docVIP

1 INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS MEASUREMENT AND CONTRL OBJECTIVES When you complete this chapter you will be able to: 稤efine process measurement 稤efine process controlll 稢alculate simp le return on investment from a process control system 稴ketch a block diagram of a process control loops 稤escribe typical industrial processes under process control 稤raw simple Process and Instrumentation Diagrams (PID) using ISA symbols 稤escribe the measuring sensor block of a control loopD 稤escribe the controiller block of a control loop 稤escribe the process adjustment bclock of a control loop 稤escribe the signals circulating around a control loop 1.1 PROCESS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL DEFINED Processes include anything from the heating of your house to the marketing of baby food. For our purposes, however, we will be concerned on1y with industrial processes such as the distillation of crude oil, or the digestion of wood chips to make pulp, or the conversion of pulp to paper, or the fabrication of plastic products such as 1-liter plastic soft drink bottles. These are overall processes and each of them will usually include many subprocesses. Process measurement is defined as the systematic collection of numeric values of the variables that characterize a process to the extent that the process control criteria of the process user are satisfied. As an example, if you require your house temperature to be maintained between l8oC and 24oC with an accuracy of 0.25oC, then your thermostat must measure the temperature and collect its numeric value for your furnace controller so that it will maintain this accuracy As another example, if the owner of a distillation plant making gasoline requires a certain octane range from the plant, then all the measuring and control instruments on the plant must be chosen to work together accurately to ensure that the plant achieves those criteria. As a final example, if the manufacturer of baby food wishes to make mashed carrots for the market, then he will ask a