动词的非谓语式.doc

动词的非谓语形式 动词的非谓语形式有三种，即动词不定式，分词（现在分词和过去分词），动名词。 概说 我们根据已经学过的语法知识知道，英语中动词有以下几类：助动词，情态动词，连系动词，行为动词（实义动词）。 助动词本身没有词义，不能单独使用，只能起到语法意义上的作用。情态动词意思不完整，也不能单独使用，必须要和行为动词一起才能构成完整的意思，在句中作谓语。连系动词作谓语时，后面接形容词和名词等作表语。行为动词或实义动词在句中常作谓语，根据其后面能否直接带宾语，行为动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词后面跟名词，代词或相当于名词的词作宾语，不及物动词必须要和一定的介词一起使用才能带宾语。 由上我们可以看出，行为动词在句中常常用做谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制。但是，动词及其变化形式在句中也可以不作谓语来使用。据此，我们又可将动词分为限定动词( finite verb )和非限定动词( non-finite verb )两类。限定动词在句中作谓语， 受主语的人称和数的限制，非限定动词在句中不可单独作谓语， 不受主语的人称和数的限制， 它在句中可以用作其他句子成分。非限定动词有三种表现形式，既动词不定式，分词和动名词。我们通常把这三种形式称之为动词的非谓语形式。 动词的非谓语形式或非限定动词在语法意义上具有双重性质：既具有动词性质，又具有非动词性质。其动词性质表现在（1）有时式和语态的变化 （2）可被状语修饰 （3）及物动词须有宾语。其非动词性质表现在 （1）相当于名词 （2）相当于形容词。 动词的三种非谓语形式与自己的宾语或状语连用就构成非限定动词短语，分别叫做动词不定式短语，分词短语和动名词短语。 动词不定式和动词不定式短语 动词不定式在句中可作主语，主语补足语，宾语，宾语补足语，表语，定语，状语等。 动词不定式也有时式和语态的变化。 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to write to be written 进行式 to be writing 完成式 to have written to have been written 动词不定式作主语 To see is to believe. To master a foreign language is of great importance today. To teach is to learn. It is a great honor to talk with you. 动词不定式作主语补足语 (a) He was seen to enter the hall. (b) It is reported to be true. He is said to be from New York. The young man was considered to have great promise. 动词不定式作宾语 (a) He seemed to know the secret. (b) I want to talk with him very much. (c) He liked to live there, However, he found it difficult to get used to the climate. 动词不定式作宾语补足语 He begged me to give him a hand. I would like you to have an opportunity to appreciate Chinese art. (c) I’ll leave you to attend the matter.. (d) The boss made these workers work over 12 hours a day. 5. 动词不定式作表语 (a ) The duties of a postman are to deliver letters and newspapers. (b) My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties of the matter. (c ) The important thing is to save lives. (d) The only thing I could do was to leave. (e) His wish is to become a doctor. 动词不定式作定语 The next train to arrive was