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Deep drawing process Wrinkling occurs at the edges Fig 16.32 (a) Schematic illustrations of the deep-drawing process on a circular sheet-metal blank.The stripper ring facilitates the removal of the formed cup from the punch (b) Process variables in deep drawing. Except for the punch force,F,all the parameters indicated in the figure are independent variables. Deep drawability Deep drawability is expressed in LDR Limiting drawing ratio (LDR) LDR – Max blank dia/punch dia =Do/Dp Drawability of metal is determined by normal anisotropy( R ) or plastic anisotropy. R = width strain / thickness strain =Ew /Et Steps in Manufacturing an Aluminum Can Figure 16.31 The metal- forming processes involved in manufacturing a two-piece aluminum beverage can Deep Drawing(深冲压） Figure 16.32 (a) Schematic illustration of the deep-drawing process on a circular sheet-metal blank. The stripper ring facilitates the removal of the formed cup from the punch. (b) Process variables in deep drawing. Except for the punch force, F, all the parameters indicated in the figure are independent variables. Anisotropy各向异性 Figure 16.33 Strains on a tensile-test specimen removed from a piece of sheet metal. These strains are used in determining the normal and planar anisotropy of the sheet metal. Figure 16.34 The relationship between average normal anisotropy and the limiting drawing ratio for various sheet metals. Source: M. Atkinson. Typical Range of Average Normal Anisotropy, R, for Various Sheet Metals Earing Figure 16.45 Earing in a drawn steel cup, caused by the planar anisotropy of the sheet metal. Edges of cups may be wavy this phenomenon is called Earing The above condition is called planar anisotropy Del R = R0 – 2 R45 + R 90 / 2 Where Del R = 0 = no ears formed Height of the ears increases Del R increases. Deep drawing Practice Blank holder pressure – 0.7% -1.0 % of Yield strength + UTS Clearance usually – 7% -14 % sheet thickness Draw beads are used to control flow o