7.3动词的限定形式和非限定形式.docxVIP

7.3.1 动词的限定形式和非限定形式1）动词在作谓语时要受主语的制约，例如：a. 它要和主语在“人称”上一致：I speak English.She speaks French.b.它在“数”上也要和主语一致：she is a student.They are students.2)它还应表示：a. 时态（tense）:b.语态（voice）：c.语气（mood）：the children are noisy.Don’t be so noisy, children!I wish they weren’t so noisy.动词的这些形式都称为限定形式（finite forms），也有人称之为谓语形式，即作谓语时用的形式。有少数动词，如情态动词，不受动词，不受主语影响，在任何人称后形式都不变化，因此他们被称为无变化动词（defective verbs）。动词的限定形式比较复杂，能否掌握是写好英语的关键。7.3.2 时态1）英语中不同时间发生的动作或情况要用不同的形式，称为时态。英语中共有十六种时态，它们是：一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时一般过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来完成时现在完成时进行时过去完成进行时将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时2）各种时态的构成方法大致可归纳如下：a. 一般现在时用现在式（动词原型），但在第三人称单数的主语后加-s词尾；b.一般过去时用动词过去式，不分人称，但动词be有两个过去式：was用于第一。三人称单数，其他情况用were：I was (they were) excited.c.一般将来时，一般“will+动词原形”构成，但在有第一人称主语的问句中用“shall+动词原形”这种形式：I’ll do it.Shall I do it?Will you do it?d.一般过去将来时用“would+动词原形”构成:she hoped the weather would be favorable.e.各种进行时态都由“be+现在分词”构成，时间由be表现出来：I am (you are/he is / they are )studying.She was playing the piano. They were playing football.I (we /she) will be watching tv tonight.I thought you would be waiting for us.f.各种完成时态都由“have+过去分词”构成，时间由have表示出来：She has (I have) written a novel.He said he had written a novel.They will have finished the work by tomorrow.He said he would have finished the work by tomorrow.g.各种完成进行时态都由“have been +现在分词”构成，时间、人称由have表现出来：I have (she has ) been waiting for you.She said she had been waiting for you.I will have been waiting for you.She told me she would have been teaching for 20 years by this summer.3）各种时态形式可归纳成下表：现在过去将来过去将来一般时态WriteWritesWroteWill write(shall write)Would write进行时态amis writingarewas were writingwill be writingwould be writing完成时态havehas writtenhad writtenwill have writtenwould have written完成进行时态Have Has been writingHad been writingWill have been writingWould have been writing这些时态并不是同样活跃的，最基础的是以下五种时态（这是初学者都得学的）：一般现在时现在进行时一般过去时一般将来时现在完成时其次是以下五种时态，用的也比较多：过去进行时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时将来进行时其他时态只是偶然用到。关于各种时态的具体用法，下一章将专门讨论。4）否定式的构成：系动词be否定式通常由助动词 +not 构成：情态动词主语SheShe She She She She She yo