Unit 4 Angle and Direction.ppt

The bearing, which can be measured clockwise or counterclockwise from the north or south end of the meridian, is always accompanied by letters that locate the quadrant in which the line falls.（方向角可以从子午线【meridian】北端或南端以顺时针或逆时针量测，总是伴【accompany】以字母，用来标明【locate定位】直线所落在的象限【quadrant】） For example Bearing N32W indicates a line trending 32° west of the north. （例如：方向角N32W代表【indicate】一条直线从北方向转向【trend通向、转向】西方向32度） It is equal to an azimuth of 328°.（它等于方位角328度） Bearing S12W indicates a line trending 12° west of the south. （方向角S12W代表一条直线从南方向转向西方向12度） It is equal to an azimuth of 192°.（它等于方位角192度） Note: It is important to state that the bearing and azimuth are respect to true north.（需要重点说明的是，方向角和方位角所用的【respect关于、有关、尊重】是真北方向。） ? 布置作业 (1) 复习本次课程的学习的内容，完成部分段落的翻译作业 (2) 预习 Unit 5 Traversing Unit 4 Angle and DirectionMeasurement Contents I Basic terms II Horizontal angle and vertical angle III Angle measurement Basic Terms Vertical line A vertical line at any point on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction of gravity at that point.地球表面任一点的垂线是指这点上沿着重力的方向的线【可译为：地球表面任一点的垂线方向是过该点的重力方向】） The direction of gravity It is the direction that a string will assume if a weight is attached at that point and the string is suspended freely at the point.（如果在这点上用线悬挂一个重物，当线自由【即无干扰】静止【suspended暂停的、悬浮的】时，这条线所呈现【assume呈现】的方向即重力方向。） Note: At a given point there is only one vertical line. （在给定的一个点上只有一条垂线。） Horizontal line A horizontal line at a point is any line that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point. （一点上的水平线是垂直【perpendicular垂直的】于过该点的垂线的直线。） Note: At any point there are an unlimited number of horizontal lines. （过任一点的水平线有无数【unlimited】条。） Horizontal plane A horizontal plane at a point is the plane that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point. （过一点的水平面是垂直于过该点的垂线的平面） Note: There is only one horizontal plane through a given point. （过给定的一个点只有一个水平面） Vertical plane A vertical plane at a point is any plane that contains the vertical line at the po