第11讲面向对象设计.pptVIP

* * * * * 在面向对象设计过程中，设计人员必须确定实现关联的具体策略 * * * * * * * * 把一个元素压入栈，等价于在表尾加入一个元素；把一个元素弹出栈，相当于从表尾移走一个元素。但是，与此同时，也继承了一些不需要的表操作。例如，从表头移走一个元素或在表头增加一个元素。万一用户错误地使用了这类操作，Stack类将不能正常工作。 class List{public:void add( ); void remove(); Void first(); Void last(); };class Stack: public List{…}; 如果你只想把继承作为实现操作共享的一种手段，则利用委托(即把一类对象作为另一类对象的属性，从而在两类对象间建立组合关系)也可以达到同样目的，而且这种方法更安全。 // 正确的设计class Stack{public:void push(void) { m_list.last(); m_list.add(); }void pop(void) {m_list.last(); m_list.remove(); }private:List m_list;}  * “A design pattern describes a problem that occurs repetitively and then describes a solution to that problem in such a way that that it can be used over and over without ever doing it the same way twice” - Christopher Alexander * 模式具有： 名称(name)：描述问题和解决方案的一个或两个单词 问题(problem)： 什么时候应用模式 解决方案(solution)： 描述设计元素、元素间的关系、职责和协作 结果和交易 (Consequences and trade-offs)：应用模式返回的结果 更多的信息请见Erich Gamma等编著的“Design Patterns” - Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software ，ISBN0-201-63361-2 或中文版《设计模式:可复用面向对象软件的基础》， Erich Gamma等编著，机械工业出版社，?ISBN：?7111075757 * Design make it easier to use successful designs and architectures * 观察者看作监听器(listener) ，主题看作是事件源(event source) 图中，主题是数据(a = 50 …) ， 有三个观察者——饼图、图表和柱状图 * * Observer pattern is applicable when in a system a change to one object requires changing others and you don`t know how many objects need to be changed. The key objects are subject and observer. Subject should be able to notify other objects without making assumptions about who these objects are. The subject notifies its observers whenever a change occurs that could make its observers` state inconsistent with its own. After being informed of a change in the concrete subject, a concrete observer may query the subject information. Concrete observer uses this information to update its state with that of the subject. * Normally in the observer pattern all the concrete observers gets state from the subject with getstate message. But here we directly give the state