莵潈获-CHEMICALBONDING.ppt

CHEMICAL BONDING Why bond? Atoms try to acquire particularly stable electron configuration (i.e the configuration maximizing binding energy) for their outer electrons ? form ions or molecules. Most stable configuration for outer electrons is noble gas configuration (octet structure) ns2np6 strategies to achieve more stable configuration: give away electrons accept electrons share electrons chemical bond is formed when it is energetically favorable, i.e., when the energy of the bonded atoms is less than the energies of the separated atoms. Quantities which play a role in chemical bonding: ionization energy (the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom) electron affinity (the energy change when a neutral atom attracts an electron to become a negative ion) electronegativity (the ability of an atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons to itself) types of bonds: ionic bond covalent bond metallic bond IONIC BOND atoms achieve noble gas configuration by giving up or accepting electrons (usually electron transfer from metal to non-metal) ? formation of ion; chemical bond is formed due to electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions; bond is strong, but becomes quickly weak when ion is displaced; ? materials usually brittle (e.g. glass, rock, egg shells,..) compounds formed by ionic bond: e.g. NaCl, CaCl2,.. examples of ions with noble gas configuration: METALLIC BOND metals have low ionization energy ? atoms give up outer (valence) electron, to be shared by all metallic lattice = positive ions at fixed positions, in “sea” or “gas” of mobile electrons; electron gas has “pressure” due to Pauli principle electrons mobile ? good thermal and electrical conductivity positive ions not free to move, but can vibrate electron not tied down in particular bond ? can absorb and re-emit light over wide frequency range ? good reflector bond is “elastic” since attraction due to mobile electr