syntax句法学资料.pptVIP

他坚持的一个分析原则是区别“结构”（structure）和“系统”（system）。结构包括内部句法结构的成分，这些成分在相互可以预期的顺序的情况下各有位置。可通用的项目或单位的系统用来说明这些成分的聚合价值。由于弗斯把“系统”一词重新定义为聚合关系，他的学生后来发展了系统语法（systemicgrammar）。弗斯把语言的聚合关系叫做“系统”，把组合关系叫做“结构”。 5.1 the prague school The prague school with Mathesius as its founder analyze sentences from both grammatical and functional sentence perspective. From a grammatical perspective, the sentence is sequenced as S+P. From a functional perspective, the sentence can be divided into two parts, theme+rheme. Functional approach was first started by Prague School and then developed by the London School. 5.2 The London School Malinowski: He considered language as a social phenomenon and human behavior and he concerned the function of language. According to him, the meaning of an utterance does not come from the ideas of the words comprising it but from its relation to the situational context. With this understanding, Malinowski distinguished 3 types of context of situation. 1. situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activities; 2. narrative situations; 3. situations in which a speech is used to fill a speech vacuum --- phatic communion Firth: The founder of London School. He regarded language as a social process, as a means of social life and a mode of action. Meaning of an utterance is what it does. So he focused on the study of language in action. To him, language is a means of doing things and of making others do things. Meaning is to be interpreted as acceptability according to that context. Malinowskys idea of context of situation and Firths idea of systemic grammar have been applied to the analysis of discourse by their successors like M.A.K Halliday. 5.3 Systemic Functional Grammar Systemic functional grammar (SFG) or systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is a model of grammar developed by Michael Halliday in the 1960s.[1] It is part of a broad social semiotic approach to language called systemic linguistics. The