大气科学基础PPT1-2-10.pptVIP

Atmosphere (air) is: a mixture of gases held to Earth by gravity. Earth’s primary means of transporting energy and moisture over its surface. an insulator and shield . relatively thin Despite its relative shallowness, the atmosphere contains considerable mass: 5.14 X 10E15 kg ? that’s a mass equivalent to 5.65 billion million tons, the amount of water that would fill a lake the size of California to a depth of 13 km (7.7 miles) Atmospheric density decreases with altitude… Atmospheric density decreases with altitude… Atmospheric density decreases with altitude… Atmospheric density decreases with altitude… Atmospheric Composition: Variable Gases 从地面到100千米高度的大气可看为三个部分组成： 干洁大气：不包含水汽的纯净大气 水汽： 气溶胶质粒：悬浮于空气中的液体和固体粒子 Key Points Water vapor varies in concentration in the atmosphere both spatially and temporally Key Points 气溶胶粒子对辐射的吸收和散射、云雾降水的形成、大气污染以及大气光学与电学现象的产生都具有重要的作用。 气溶胶粒子的来源可分为人工源和自然源两大类。 * * * * 第一章 大气概述 §1 大气的组成 §2 大气的结构 Earth (including its atmosphere) has a radius of about 6500 km. The atmosphere is only about 100 km thick—less than 2% of the Earth’s thickness. About 97% of the atmosphere is within 30 km (18 miles) of the surface. 75% is compressed below 10,700 m or 35,100 feet (~7 miles)…which is to say, within the troposphere Density: the amount of mass of a substance (expressed in kilograms) contained in a unit of volume (1 cubic meter) In gases, individual molecules have no attachment to each other and move about randomly. So…there is no definite limit to the amount of mass that can exist in a given volume—molecules can always be added to or removed from the volume… Result ? change in density Mean free path? the average distance a molecule travels before colliding with another Near Earth’s surface?mean free path is a mere 0.0001 mm 150 km (93 miles) above sea level (i.e., in the thermosphere)? a molecule travels about 10 m before colliding with another Permanent gases (constant proportion in the atmosphere) 99.999 % of atmospheric mass Nit