【数据通信与网络】Lecture10-MultipleAccessAndLAN.pptVIP

Aloha (随机多址通信) Packet radio protocol Random-access method based on acknowledgements and backoffs Aloha Protocol Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Carrier sense Listen (sense) before talk(sending) (LBT) Do not send unless the medium is idle Reduces the possibility of collisions Does not eliminate collisions Propagation delay Takes time before all other stations can sense a transmission Persistence Strategy of CSMA Packet Size Versus Bus Length Wireless Networks—Hidden Terminal Problem Stations may not detect each others signals CSMA/CA Collision detection does not work well on wireless networks Problems with hidden terminals, signal strength differences, etc CSMA/CA—Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance Control signals before transmission Carrier sense: do not transmit immediately when medium gets idle (p-persistence) Wait random time lower collision probability Use acknowledgements (stop-and-wait!) to detect if transmission is successful IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA Wait Procedure When medium becomes idle, wait a random amount of time Only decrement timer while medium is idle! Collision can only happen if two stations generate same timer value CSMA/CA With RTS/CTS (2) Controlled Access Token Passing Token Passing Procedure Channelization FDMA/WDMA A station is allocated a frequency band (wavelength) on an FDM (WDM) link TDMA Entire bandwidth is one channel A station is allocated time slots on a TDM link CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Entire bandwidth is one channel Data from all inputs are transmitted at the same time CDMA Multiplexing Bit is coded as a sequence of numbers (chips) Each station has a unique code CDMA Demultiplexing Station can extract its chip sequence from the multiplexed sequence Codes are orthogonal 10.2 Local Area Networks (LANs) Ethernet by far the most popular Originally from Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC,施乐帕克研究中心 ) in 1976 LAN standardization in IEEE Project 802 Data link layer subdivision Logical Link Control (L