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5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS : PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES Cooperative Distributed Optimization for the Hyper-Dense Small Cell Deployment Jing Xu, Jiang Wang, Yuanping Zhu, Yang Yang, Xiaojin Zheng, Shuangdie Wang, Ligang Liu, Kari Horneman, and Yong Teng ABSTRACT has to manage the radio resource with limited and time-insensitive information exchanged over The fifth generation mobile networks will be the X2 interface with other BSs. developed to improve area spectral and energy The concept of small cells, including femto- efficiency, and provide uniform user experience. cells, picocells, microcells, and metrocells, has Hyper-dense small cell deployment can move been attracting more and more attention from devices closer to the wireless network and satisfy mobile operators to improve indoor or local area 5G system requirements. The main challenge of system capacity and service coverage. The BS of this network deployment results from the random a small cell uses a low transmit power to cover a deployment, dynamic on-off, flexible connection to distance of tens of meters. It is usually deployed cellular core networks, and flat system architecture by the end user at home or in small commercial of 5G systems. Therefore, conventional network entities, and is connected to cellular core net- planning and radio resource management, which works over a digital subscriber line. In thi