微观经济学课件双语山东大学 王军.ppt

Management School of Shandong University Wang Jun Microeconomics Section 01 The Challenge of Economics The Challenge of Economics Outline The China Economy What is Economics Three Basic Economic Questions Macro vs. Micro The China Economy 计划经济（Planned Economy） 按照统一计划管理和发展国民经济的经济模式或体制 在这种体制和方式下，对生产什么、怎样生产的问题，都是由国家下达指令性计划，进行直接调节的 计划经济的特点是:决策权高度集中，几乎所有的经济决策都由中央做出；经济运行过程是通过自上而下的指令性计划和行政命令来规定和推动的；倍息的传播主要是纵向的，体现在上下级之间；信息的内容主要是实物指标；经济决策的协调是事前由中央计划机关制定的；生产什么，怎样生产的问题，均由中央计划机关直接下达和调节。 The China Economy 市场经济（Market Economy） 市场经济就是按等价原则进行交换的经济 市场经济存在和发展的基础在于分工的普遍化 交换中 “必须维护自己的利益”的行为非常重要 市场经济一切规律的根本出发点 一个无需证明的、共同的假定前提 人都是趋利避害的 The China Economy People’s life change a lot The China Economy People’s life change a lot The China Economy People’s life change a lot The China Economy People’s life change a lot The China Economy But The China Economy But The China Economy But What is Economics Economics Economics is the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people. —— Samuelson 经济学研究的是如何使用有限的资源生产有用的产品，并将这些产品分配给不同的人的学科。 经济学是关于选择的学问 What is Economics 经济学是关于选择的学问 Why？ 资源具有稀缺性( Scarcity ) 人的欲望( wants or desire )是无止境的 Cost 机会成本( Opportunity Cost ) In a world of scarcity, choosing one thing means giving up something else. The Opportunity Cost of a decision is the sacrificial value of the goods or service giving up. What is Economics 经济学是关于选择的学问 How to choose Minimal Opportunity Cost 个人：效用最大化( Maximum Utility ) 企业：利润最大化( Maximum Profit ) 边际( Marginal )的选择 边际：一单位自变量的变化所引起的因变量的变化量 Three Basic Economic Questions Resource disposition WHAT to produce How to produce FOR WHOM to produce Three Basic Economic Questions WHAT to produce Because wants exceed resources, we have to decide WHAT we want most, sacrificing less desired activities and goods. Suppose there are only two kinds of goods, “consumer goods” and “military goods”. In this case, the question of WHAT to produce boils down to find the most desirable comb