土木毕业论文英文翻译部分.docVIP

第五篇 英文翻译部分 Tall?Building?Structure? ? Tall?buildings?have?fascinated?mankind?from?the?beginning?of?civilization,?their?construction?being?initially?for?defense?and?subsequently?for?ecclesiastical?purposes.?The?growth?in?modern?tall?building?construction,?however,?which?began?in?the?1880s,?has?been?largely?for?commercial?and?residential?purposes.? Tall?commercial?buildings?are?primarily?a?response?to?the?demand?by?business?activities?to?be?as?close?to?each?other,?and?to?the?city?center,?as?possible,?thereby?putting?intense?pressure?on?the?available?land?space.?Also,?because?they?form?distinctive?landmarks,?tall?commercial?buildings?are?frequently?developed?in?city?centers?as?prestige?symbols?for?corporate?organizations.? Further,?the?business?and?tourist?community,?with?its?increasing?mobility,?has?fuelled?a?need?for?more,?frequently?high-rise,?city?center?hotel?accommodations.? The?rapid?growth?of?the?urban?population?and?the?consequent?pressure?on?limited?space?have?considerably?influenced?city?residential?development.?The?high?cost?of?land,?the?desire?to?avoid?a?continuous?urban?sprawl,?and?the?need?to?preserve?important?agricultural?production?have?all?contributed?to?drive?residential?buildings?upward.? Ideally,?in?the?early?stages?of?planning?a?building,?the?entire?design?team,?including?the?architect,?structural?engineer,?and?services?engineer,?should?collaborate?to?agree?on?a?form?of?structure?to?satisfy?their?respective?requirements?of?function,?safety?and?serviceability,?and?servicing.? It?is?difficult?to?define?a?high-rise?building?.?One?may?say?that?a?low-rise?building?ranges?from?1?to?2?stories?.?A?medium-rise?building?probably?ranges?between?3?or?4?stories?up?to?10?or?20?stories?or?more?.?? Although?the?basic?principles?of?vertical?and?horizontal?subsystem?design?remain?the?same?for?low-?,?medium-?,?or?high-rise?buildings?,?when?a?building?gets?high?the?vertical?subsystems?become?a?controlling?problem?for?two?reasons?.?Higher?vertical?loads?will?require