数学长大史上的三次危机(国外英语资料).docVIP

数学发展史上的三次危机(国外英语资料) The three crisis in the history of mathematical development Discovery of irrational numbers -- the first mathematical crisis Around fifth Century BC, the incommensurable amount resulted in the discovery of Pythagoras paradox. At that time, the Pythagorean School attached importance to the study of the invariant factors in nature and society, and called geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and music as the four arts, in which the laws of harmony in the universe were pursued. They think that anything in the universe can be formulated as an integer or integer ratio, a significant contribution to the Pythagoreans is proof of the Pythagorean theorem, but it also found some hypotenuse cannot be expressed as an integer or integer ratio (incommensurable) situation, such as the right side is the right triangle 1 is the case. This paradox directly violates the basic tenets of the Pythagorean School, which led to the crisis of cognition at that time, and thus created the first mathematical crisis. In 370 BC, this contradiction is the Pythagorean method to the proportion by Eudoxus new definition of solution. His treatment may not appear in the amount of commensurability method, Euclidean elements in the fifth volume. Eudoxus and Dedekin number in 1872 given the unreasonable interpretation and modern interpretation is consistent. Today middle school geometric textbooks of similar triangles, still reflects some difficulties and subtleties of the incommensurability and bring. For the first time, mathematics had a great impact on the mathematical views of ancient greece. This shows that the geometry of certain truths nonarithmetic, geometric quantities cannot be represented by an integer and its ratio, and can be expressed by the geometrical position of authority, integer began to shake, and the identity of higher geometry. The crisis also shows that intuition and experience is not necessarily reliable, reasoning is reliable, and the Greeks began to attach importan