学术论文写作-引言.ppt

学术论文写作 RA Introductions 引言 Introduction is designed to attract the reader’s attention. It usually provides the background of the research, highlights the present research by relating it to other studies, gives a brief sketch of the history of the research (i.e. what is already known), and explains the reason for the research (probably by stating the importance of the research). Research articles introductions have their own features. In the course of writing, the author needs to re-establish the significance of the research field itself, to situate the reported research in terms of the significance and to show how this research position may be occupied and defended. Regardless of their length, RA introductions generally follow a certain structural organization which may be summarized in the light of a 3-Move model (Swales, 1990). Move 1 Establishing a territory (exemplified in) Step 1 Claiming centrality, and/or Step 2 Making topic generalizations, and/or Step 3 Reviewing items of previous research Move 2 Establishing a niche Step 1A Counter-claiming, or Step 1B Indicating a gap, or Step 1C Question-raising, or Step 1D Continuing a tradition Move 3 Occupying the niche Step 1A Outlining purposes, or Step 1B Announcing present research Step 2 Announcing principal findings Step 3 Indicating RA structure Move 1 opens with Step 1 – Claiming centrality. Centrality claims are the appeals to the research community by which members are asked to accept that the research is part of a lively, significant research area, and are generally made by claiming interest or importance, referring to the classic, favorite or central character of the issue, or by claiming that there are many other investigators active in the area. Topic generalization (Step 2) represents a more neutral kind of general statement than Step 1. It is generally of two categories: statements about knowledge or pra