实验设计说明.ppt

实验设计三要素 实验对象------人或动物。注意动物的人代表性、经济性、品系及个体齐同性(年龄、体重、性别) 处理因素------对实验对象施加某种外部干预：复制疾病模型(探讨机理)与实验治疗(观察药效)。处理因素标准化，注意非处理因素 观察指标（实验效应） ------特异性(本质)，客观性(可检测)，灵敏性(假阴性少)，重现性(误差大小)，精确性 高血压病人 降压药 血压 实验设计三原则 对照原则（ Control: 处理因素，有可比性）--- 使非处理因素尽量相同，通过对比发现特异变化：空白对照、实验对照、标准对照、自身对照、相互对照等。 重复原则（ Replication: 实验效应，真实再现性，估计误差，保证结果可靠。计量资料每组样本数不少于5例，以10-20例为好，计数资料每组样本数不少于30例。） 随机化原则（ Randomization: 实验对象，顺序和分组机会均等，减少选择性抽样误差） 抽签法，随机数字表，随机排列表 Research Design The term research design refers to how a researcher puts a research study together to answer a question or a set of questions. A research design‘s fundamental purpose is to ensure the validity（正确，可信） of research gathered and accurately answer the original question. Good research design helps reduce errors（减少错误） when carrying out research methods. It is wise to take time and effort to organize the properly to ensure that the right type of data（有效）, and enough of it（足够）, is available to answer the questions of interest as clearly and efficiently as possible. This process is called experimental design. Instructions Decide on a project topic（选题）. A good project topic will be one that you know something about and are interested in researching to learn more about it. (有兴趣) Additionally, the topic should be one about which information can be easily found. Figure out what you will need to find out. (Read all the materials on the subject before you begin to develop the research. Find all the relevant information.) (能查询信息，有所了解) Narrow down your research topic to something that is doable. Sometimes, a project has too many details, or sometimes it is too broad to work as a paper or project. (缩小题目范围，切实可行). Research the topic（研究文献，形成假说or 问题）. Use scholarly or trusted sources: academic journals. Find and read your sources, and take notes on the information that you find. Draft a list of research questions you want answered upon conducting the entirety of your research. These questions will help y