legal system的.pptVIP

法律英语 Lesson?one??? ?English Legal?system Characteristics Common law legal system 普通法系 The?American?legal?system,?like?the?English,?is?methodologically?mainly?a?case law?system.? 判例法 ?Most??fields?of?private?law?still? consist??primarily?of?case?law?and??the?extensive?and?steadily? growing?statutory?continues??to??be?subject?to?binding? interpretation?through?case?law. 私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法，以及广泛的不断增加的成文法，这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。 The?common?law?is?historically?the?common?general?law?——?with?supremacy?over?local?law?——which?was?decreed?by?the?itinerant?judges?of?the?English?royal?court.?普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。 The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action, a writ, with the result that the original common law represented a system of ‘action’ similar to that of classical Roman law. 某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。 ?If?a?writ?existed?(in?1227)?a?claim?could?be?enforced;? 有法院令状，诉讼请求就要强制执行； there?was?no?recourse?for?a?claim?without?a?writ,?the?claim?did?not exist.? 没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求，就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。 ?This?system?became?inflexible?when?the?Provisions?of?Oxford?(1258)? prohibited?the?creation?of?new?writs,?except?for?the?flexibility?which?the?writ?upon?the?case?allowed?and?which?later?led?to?the?development?of?contract?and?tort?law. 这一制度在（1258年）“牛津条例”禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来；除非“本案令状”允许了灵活性的例外，后者后来发展成合同与侵权法。 The?narrow?limits?of?the?forms?of?action?and?the?limited?recourse?they?provided?led?to?the?development?of?equity?law? and?equity?case?law. 诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。 “Equity”——doing?equity 公平——行为公平 deciding?ex?aequo?et?bono 决定公平且善良（拉丁语） was?first?granted?by?the?King,?and?laterby?his?Chancellor?as?keeper?of?the?Kings?conscience,? to afford relief in hardship cases. 首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出，以便对难以解决的案例提供救济。 In?the?fifteenth?century,?however,?equity?law?and?equity?case?law? developed?into?an?independent ?legal?system?and?judiciary?(Court? of?ch