张培基英汉互译.doc

???第一讲????翻译原则简介 ? 一、教学目的：了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题 二、教学过程： 1．翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation） Translation is an art/ science/craft? 2．? 中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）： 严复：信达雅--- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating. 傅雷：神似---spiritual conformity.? Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。 钱钟书：化境---sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader. 刘重德：信、达、切---faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness. 3．中国翻译史上的论争： 鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。? 目的：引入英文句式的表达法 梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信---rather to be smooth than faithful? 目的：可读性强，便于交流。 4．直译与意译： 直译---literal translation????? 意译：free translation 直译的例子：crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿;? chain reaction连锁反应;? gentlemen’s agreement君子协定; one country, two systems 一国两制; The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流; paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last---断气;? go to one’s external rest---安息; the long sleep---长眠; see Marx 见马克思; Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂; blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡 ? kick the bucket 蹬腿: You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket???? 直译不等于死译(dead translation): 街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生：Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning. “In the street” should be replaced by “in the community”. 她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. Public father should be father in law. 意译的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam’s apple 句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish 直译：小鱼不吃大鱼????????? 意译：胳膊拧不过大腿 试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福： 直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight. 意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable 有人说，翻译是带着镣铐跳舞（translation is like dancing in fetters）；还有人说，翻译像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实。实际上，忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。 5．归化与异化（domestication/adaptation or foreignization / a