旅游英语期末考试范围(中国历史).docx

旅游英语期末考试范围1.Nine ProvincesThe termNine Provinces(Chinese:九州;pinyin:JiǔZhōu) is used in ancient Chinese histories to refer to territorial divisions or islands during theXiaandShangdynasties, and has now come to symbolically represent China. Province is the word used to translatezhou(州) – since before theTang dynasty(618–907 CE), it was the largest Chinese territorial division. Although the current definition of the Nine Provinces can be dated to theSpring and AutumnandWarring Statesperiods, it was not until theEastern Han dynastythat the Nine Provinces were treated as actualadministrative regions.The most prevalent account of the Nine Provinces comes from the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu section of the Book of Xia (夏書), collected in the Book of Documents. It was therein recorded that Yu the Great divided the world into the nine provinces of Ji(冀), Yan (兗), Qing (青), Xu(徐), Yang (揚), Jing (荊), Yu (豫), Liang (梁), and Yong(雍). The geography section (釋地) of the ancient Erya encyclopedia also cites nine provinces, but withYou and Ying (營) listed instead of Qing and Liang. In the Clan Responsibilities (職方氏) section ofRituals of Zhou, the provinces include You and Bing but not Xu and Liang. The Lüshi Chunqiu Initial Survey (有始覽) section mentions You but not Liang.Traditionally, the Book of Documents is thought to depict the divisions during the Xia dynasty, the Eryathose of the Shang dynasty; the Rituals of Zhou the Zhou dynasty, and the LüshiChunqiu the concept and actual territorial distribution of the Nine Provinces during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. The LüshiChunqiu contains the following passage on the location of the nine provinces and their general correspondence with the states of the time:The words Nine Provinces do not appear in any ancientoracle boneinscriptions, such that many scholars do not think Yu the Great created the Nine Provinces as was traditionally thought.Some suggest the name Jiuzhou, which came to mean Nine Provinces, was actually