沈毅：从“权威性格”到“个人权威”——对本土组织领导和“差序格局”之“关系”形态的再探讨.doc

从“权威性格”到“个人权威”* ——对本土组织领导及“差序格局”之“关系”形态的再探讨 沈毅 【内容提要】在本土心理学研究脉络中，中国人的“权威性格”与中国社会的等级制文化似乎是一个毋庸置疑的理论预设，与之相关联的以儒家伦理为解释对象的“角色理论”充分影响到了以“尊尊”为中心之“家长式领导”研究的基本脉络。与“权威性格”的研究范式相反，以人情化个人关系为基础的“个人权威”则凸显了“尊尊”之外以“亲亲”为中心的某种“情理文化”的重要性，这可能也构成了所谓“差序式领导”研究的潜在理论基础。如果从不同组织场域及“差序格局”的多重面相出发，官僚政治场域的等级制“主从关系”与民间社会层面的人情化个人关系始终有着根本性的区别，即使是人情化的个人关系在“乡土”及“商场”不同场域背景下也趋于演化为表面和谐导向的“人缘关系”与真正相知相交的“朋友关系”，进而构成不同性质的个人领导差序网络及其组织领导的结构模式。 【关键词】权威性格　个人权威　差序格局　尊尊　亲亲 Abstract：?In the research context of Chinese psychology， authoritarian personality and hierarchical culture in Chinese society seems to be a theoretical assumption， and the correlative “role theory” which explains Confucian ethics influences the study of paternalistic leadership centering around zun zun (respecting the respectful). On the contrary， personal authority based on amicable personal relationship shows the importance of emotive culture focused on qin qin (loving the beloved) as opposed to zun zun， which constitutes the latent theoretic foundation of differential leadership. Judged by the various dimensions of the diverse organizational fields and the differential mode of association， the hierarchical patron-client relationship in bureaucratic officialdom is always different from the differential favoritism on the civic level. Even emotive personal relationship tends to be divided into superficially harmonious “social connection” and truly intimate “friendship” in such different fields as hometown and business sector， which will make up the differential network of personal leadership and the structural pattern of organizational leadership. Keywords：authoritarian personality， personal authority， the differential mode of association， zun zun， qin qin