语用学常月圆.pptVIP

1 Definition of Pragmatics Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication. The study of language in use. 2 Speech Act Theory John Austin (1911-1960) How to Do Things with Words (1962) speech acts: actions performed via utterances 2.1 Performatives and Constatives Constatives 叙事句 Performatives施为句 2.2 Illocutionary Act Theory行事行为/施为行为理论 Speech acts can be analyzed on 3 levels: Level 3 The perlocutionary act 成事行为/取效行为 the act preformed by or as a result of saying, the effects on the hearer. By saying x and doing y, I did z(the words and actions will have different effects on the hearer). 1)representative描述性 I guess that he has come 2)directive 指示性 Open the door! 3)commissive 承担性 I promise to love you! 4)expressive 表达性 It’s very kind of you to have thought of me. 5)declaration 宣告性 I declare the meeting open/I fire you! 4 Conversational Implicature会话含义 People do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them. Herbert Paul Grice (1913-1988) William James lectures at Harvard in 1967 Logic and Conversation in 1975 4.1Cooperative Principle(CP)合作原则 Cooperative Principle: Make your contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. 使你所说的话, 在其所发生的阶段, 符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向 4.3 Violation of the maxims When we violate these maxims, in some situations, conversational implicature will arise. References Huang, Yan. 1991 . A Neo-Gricean Pragmatics Theory of Anaphora . Journal of Pragmatics, 27, 301 -335. Mey, J. 1993. Pragmatics : An Introduction . Oxford: Blackwell. 胡壮麟 姜望琪 2002， 《语言学高级教程》（英文），北京大学出版社。 Thank you ! * 4.3 Violation of the maxims (Quality) 1. Do not say what you believe to be false. You are the cream in my coffee. X run