第二章 语音学与音位学.ppt

Chapter Ⅱ As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology. 2.1 The phonic medium of language Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language 2.2Phonetics 2.2.1 Phonetics Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Three branches of phonetics Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers uses his speech organs to articulate / produce speech sounds”（发音语音学） Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”（听觉语音学） Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another， “how sounds are transmitted”（声学语音学） 2.2.2 Organs of speech Speech organs(vocal organs)(言语器官) ------those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. the lungs（肺），the trachea(气管), the throat（咽喉）, the nose and the mouth The diagram of speech organs Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (alveolar) Hard palate Soft palate (velum) Uvula Tip of tongue Blade of tongue Back of tongue Vocal cords Pharyngeal cavity Nasal cavity Vocal cords Vocal cords are located in the pharyngeal cavity The vocal folds are either (a) apart, (b) close together, or (c) totally closed. Voiceless(清音): the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass easily [p,s,t] Voiced(浊音): the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other [b,z,d] Glottal stop(喉塞音): the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them  Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voiced, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.