管理学robbins 11-6.pptx

Management 11th editionStephen P. Robbins; Compare and contrast views on the change process Classify types of organizational change Explain how to manage resistance to change Discuss contemporary issues in managing change Describe techniques for stimulating innovation;Exhibit 6-1: External and Internal Forces for Change;The Calm Waters Metaphor 风平浪静观 Successful change can be planned. Lewin’s description of the three-step change process as a break in the organization’s equilibrium state 均衡状态. Unfreezing the status quo 解冻现状 by increasing the driving force pushing for change decreasing the retraining forces resisting change combining the two approaches. Changing to a new state 变革 Refreezing to stabilize the new situation by reinforcing the new behaviors. 再冻结强化新行为以使新情况稳定下来。;Exhibit 6-2: The Three-Step Change Process;White-Water Rapids Metaphor 激流险滩观 The lack of environmental stability and predictability requires that managers and organizations continually adapt (manage change actively) to survive. To succeed in this type of environment, you’d have to respond quickly to changing conditions. Electrolux;Organizational Change 组织变革 - any alterations in the people, structure, or technology of an organization. Change Agents 变革推动者- persons who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the change process. Managers: internal entrepreneurs Nonmanagers: change specialists Outside consultants: change implementation experts;Three types of Change;Structure Any change in structural variables such as reporting relationships （职权关系）, coordination mechanisms （协调机制）, employee empowerment （员工授权）, or job redesign （职位设计）. Technology Modifications in the way work is performed or the methods and equipment that are used. Involve Introduction of new equipment, tools, or methods; Automation; 自动化 Computerization. 计算机化 ; People Changes in attitudes 态度, expectations 期望, perceptions 认知, and behaviors 行为 of the workforce. Organizational Development (OD) 组织发展- describe ch