经济学原理曼昆09.ppt

* 31 * 31 * 31 * 31 * 31 * 31 * 31 * 31 * 31 * 30 * 30 * 38 * 31 * 31 * 31 * 31 * 30 * 30 * 38 * 39 * * * * * * * * * 7 * 7 * 11 * 5 * 5 * 12 * 12 * 14 * 14 * 14 * 14 * 14 * 14 * 14 * 14 * 20 * 20 * 21 * 21 * 21 * 21 * 21 * 21 * 21 * 21 * 20 * 20 * 29 * 29 * 31 * 31 * 31 The Effects of an Import Quota Because the quota raises the domestic price above the world price, domestic buyers of the good are worse off, and domestic sellers of the good are better off. License holders are better off because they make a profit from buying at the world price and selling at the higher domestic price. 进口限额的影响… 因为进口限额使物品的国内价格上升到世界价格之上，所以国内买者的状况变坏了，国内卖者的状况变好了。 许可证持有者的状况变好了，因为他们能从按世界价格购买并按较高的国内价格出售中得到利润。 The Effects of an Import Quota ... Price of Steel 0 Quantity of Steel Domestic supply Domestic demand World price Q1S Q2S Q2D Q1D Price without quota Price with quota Imports without quota Imports with quota Domestic supply + Import Supply Quota A B C E E F G D 进口限额的影响… 钢铁 价格 0 钢铁数量 国内供给 国内需求 世界价格 Q1S Q2S Q2D Q1D 没有限额时的价格 有限额时的价格 无限额时的进口量 有限额时的进口量 国内供给 + 进口供给 限额 A B C E E F G D Changes in Welfare from an Import Quota A+B+C+D+E’+E”+F+G A+B+C+E’+E”+G The area D+F shows the fall in total surplus and represents the deadweight loss of the quota. Before Quota After Tariff Change Consumer Surplus Producer Surplus Government Revenue Total Surplus A+B+C+D+E’+E”+F A+B -(C+D+E’+E”+F) G C+G +C None E’+E” +(E’+E”) - (D+F) 进口限额引起的福利变化 A+B+C+D+E’+E”+F+G A+B+C+E’+E”+G 面积（ D+F ）表示总剩余的减少，并代表 进口限额的无谓损失。 限额以前 限额以后 变化 消费者剩余 生产者剩余 许可证持有者收入 总剩余 A+B+C+D+E’+E”+F A+B -(C+D+E’+E”+F) G C+G +C None E’+E” +(E’+E”) - (D+F) The Effects of an Import Quota With a quota, total surplus in the market decreases by an amount referred to as a deadweight loss. The quota can potentially cause an even larger deadweight loss, if a mechanism such as lobbying is employed to allocate the import licenses. 进口限额的影响 有进口限额时，市场总剩余减少，这种减少被称为进口限额的无谓损失。 如果采用游说议员这一机制来分配进口许可证，进口限额有可能引起更大的无谓损失。 The Effects of Tariffs and Quotas关税和进口限额