胡壮麟语言学4.pptVIP

Phonetics and phonology phonetics The definition of phonetics and its three major research fields; The location, characteristic and function of the speech organs; The definitions and classifications of consonants and vowels the places of articulation and manner of articulation； cardinal vowels；broad and narrow transcriptions and the lip positions in the pronunciation of the cardinal vowels; IPA What is phonetics? Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech, and provide methods for their description, classification and transcription. Three branches of phonetics Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. It examines the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate in the process. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds when they are transmitted in the air from one person to another. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the hearer’s perception of speech sounds. Articulatory Phonetics speech organs/ vocal organs speech organs Also known as vocal organs, are those parts of human body involved in the production of speech. Including: lungs, the trachea (the windpipe), the throat, the nose and the mouth. Three cavities of the vocal tract: pharynx, mouth and nose. oral cavity: tongue (the tip, blade, front, black and root.), lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula. (A nasal sound is produced when the soft palate is lowered to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity when the oral cavity is meanwhile blocked.) At the top of the trachea is the larynx, which contains the vocal folds, also known as vocal cords. The vocal folds can be apart (the air can pass through easily and produce voiceless sounds), close together (the airstream causes them to vibrate against