英语语法(02名词).pptVIP

Unit Two: Nouns and Noun Phrases Issues of this unit: 1) Inflexions of English nouns 名词形变 2) Classification of nouns 名词的分类 3) Case of nouns 名词的格 And then, we shall study the issues of agreement of subject and predicate. 1) Inflexions of nouns are grammatically important because they mark the Number and the case (possessive) of nouns. The general rules of noun inflexions: 名词词根 {-词尾变化，单复数} {-词尾变化，所属格} Examples: boy ? boys student ? students (-s) sound: [-z] after b, d, g, v, m, n, r, l, w as in: herb, bead, dog, bloom, baboon, curl, swallow… (-s) sound: [-s] after p, t, k, f, th as in: carp, pet, pack, chief, oath … (-es) sound: [-iz] after s, z, sh, ch, dg ... as in: romance, hose, relish, ranch, fridge … (-en) sound: [?n] as in oxen, children These are regular plurals, what follows are irregular ones. (Cf: textbook, pp.58-61) replacives: /e/ –– (?) men –– man (音素替换) /i/ –– (u) women –– woman /i:/ –– (u) feet –– foot /ai/ –– (au) mice –– mouse Zero (零形变) : sheep ––– sheep, means ––– means fish ––– fish, species ––– species series ––– series, works ––– works Latin loans: ae –– a larvae(幼虫) –– larva (拉丁借词) i –– us stimuli––stimulus alumni –– alumnus a –– um data –– datum Greek loans: ses –– sis crises –– crisis (希腊语借词) ata –– a schemata –– schema a –– on criteria –– criterion ices –– ix appendices––appendix 注意： 复数“-s”一般加在词尾，但有些复合名词却要加在其中的中心词后： 如： looker-on ? lookers-on （所有格：looker-on’s） stander-by ? standers-by mother-in-law ? mothers-in-law comrade-in-arms ? comrades-in-arms (大致规则：如果复合名词由n+prep构成，则复数加在n上。但有时例外，如单用in-law的时候，可以直接变为：in-laws.) 2) Classification of nouns in English: a) by word-building: simple, compound and derivative nouns e.g.: man manpower manlin