词汇学资料.pptVIP

3. Motivation by Meaning (语义理据) E.g. bottleneck Neck of a bottle Narrow strip of a road Part of a manufacturing process, where production is slowed down An obstruction in the case of traffic or production Arbitrariness 任意性 The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. E.g. wow wow (E) wang wang (C) The link between signs and meanings is convention. E.g. “house” uchi (Japanese) Mansion (French) 房子(Chinese) Classification of Words Lexical meaning and grammatical function Usage of words Character of words Motivation Polysemy and monosemy Origin Lexical meaning and grammatical function Full words/ notional words: autosemantic, meaningful themselves Nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals, adverbs Form-words/ functional words: meaningful only when used in conjunction with other words Articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, pronominal adverbs(代词) Usage of words Popular words: words usually used in ordinary conversation; everyday life; Belong to the people as a whole Learned words: words comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation but are used in books E.g. The girl is lively. (p) The girl is vivacious. (l) Character of words Abstract words: those refer to states, events, feelings, etc E.g. difficulty, meeting, talk, thought, etc Concrete words: concerned with objects, things, etc E.g. beer , car, milk, deer, etc Motivation Transparent / motivated words (易识别词): words whose meaning is determined from the meaning of their components. (minority) E.g. echo words compound words Cuckoo, ping-pong, motherland, etc Opaque words/ non-motivated words(隐性词) how these words were formed cannot be explained (majority). E.g. axe, people, meat Polysemy and monosemy一词多义单义性 Polysemic words: those have a range of different meanings Monosemic words: consists of a single meaning In English, polysemy is the rule while monosemy is the exception. Origin Native word