话语分析ppt.ppt

Managing confrontational situations: Japanese male superiors’ interactional styles in directive discourse in the workplace The author: Junko Saito Faculty of Liberal Arts, Sophia University Journal of Pragmatics 43 (2011) directives ‘‘utterances which impose, or propose some course of action or pattern of behavior and indicate that it should be carried out.’’ Commands, requests, prohibitions, warnings, advice, suggestions, wishes, hopes, permission, and obligation are included as categories of directives. Introduction In Japanese: Workplace discourse has been extensively explored in the scholarship on language and gender. (1)In particular, the scholarship has been motivated to examine female leaders’ language practices. (since women are generally considered marginalized in a patriarchal society). (2)much previous research on directive use by Japanese superiors in workplaces suggests that there are distinct gender differences in male and female superiors’ linguistic practices. in the Western Western scholars (e.g., Holmes, 2005, 2006; Holmes and Stubbe, 2003a; Mullany, 2007) maintain that regardless of gender, superiors in a workplace hierarchy orient themselves to linguistic practices associated with both masculinity and femininity, as context demands. Previous studies (Furo, 1996; Kobayashi, 2005; Smith, 1992; Sunaoshi, 1994; Takano, 2005) explores linguistic phenomena in various institutional settings, ranging from corporations to classrooms. This research has commonly maintained that male professionals tend to give directives using more forceful and imposing linguistic forms. Takano (2005), who qualitatively analyzes female leaders’ linguistic practices in workplace settings, observes that in confrontational situations, female professionals frequently shift their speech styles to control the power dynamics of the workplace, while their male counterparts consistently employ direct styles and keep their stylistic variations rather stable. This previous res