语用学Speech acts.ppt

Speech acts;;;Although Austin’s performative hypothesis revolutionized the way people look at language and led directly to the development of pragmatics as an area of linguistics investigation, the notion that only performative verbs could be used to perform actions was untenable.尽管奥斯汀的表述行为的假设改变了人们看语言的方式和直接导致了语用学作为语言学研究领域的发展,概念,只有富有表现力的动词可以用于执行操作是站不住脚的。 ;Therefore, performative hypothesis collapsed for a number of reasons因此,表述行为的假说倒塌的原因:;;2.Do performatives always perform the specified actions?施为句总是执行指定的操作吗?;3. How to do things without performative verbs? 如何做的事情没有施为动词？;Austin himself has also this kind of doubts whether it is always the case that we must have a performative verb for making explicit something we are undoubtedly doing by saying something奥斯汀本人也有这种怀疑，情况总是这样，我们必须有一个施为动词明确我们无疑是在说一些 It was in the light of these counter-examples and doubts that in Chapter VI of How to Do Things with Words, Austin briefly introduced a distinction between explicit and primary (implicit) performatives.;;Some situations (typically very formal or ritual situations) require that a specific form of language be used.某些情况下(通常是非常正式或仪式的情况下)要求一个特定形式的语言被使用;It is interesting to find that a speaker will first try an implicit performative and move onto an explicit performative only if the first attempt fails.;