语言学02-Chapter_Two_Speech_Sounds.ppt

General Linguistics 普通语言学 语言学的历史进程 语言学分类-按研究内容分 Micro-linguistics 微观语言学 Macro-linguistics 宏观语言学 语言学分类-按研究导向分 As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology. Phonetics(语音学) studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Articulatory Phonetics(发音语言学) is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics（声学语音学） is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics（听觉语音学） is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to ‘discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur’. In phonology we normally begin by analyzing an individual language, say English, in order to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. 1. How speech sounds are made 1.1 Speech organs （发音器官） Organs of speech sounds the Pharyngeal cavity---the throat the oral cavity---the mouth the nasal cavity---the nose Process of producing speech Position of the vocal folds: voiceless（清音), eg.[p,s,t] Position of the vocal folds: voicing 浊音 (initial the widest aperture), eg.[b,z,d] Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop 1.2 The IPA(国际音标) In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers’ Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods. It was changed to its pre