语言学教程_chapter3.ppt

* Class-preserving: NN: nonsmoker, ex-wife, booklet VV: disobey, unfasten AA: grayish, irrelevant * 3. Lexical change Formation of new words Phonological change Morphosyntactic change Semantic change Orthographic change * 3.1 Word-formation through lexical change Invention/Coinage Mostly brand names: Kodak, Coke, nylon, Band-aid, Xerox, Lycra * Blending transfer+resistortransistor smoke+fogsmog motorist+hotelmotel breakfast+lunchbrunch modulator+demodulatormodem dance+exercisedancercise advertisement+editorialadvertorial education+entertainmentedutainment information+commercialinfomercial * Back-formation diagnose diagnosis enthuse enthusiasm laze lazy liaise liaison reminisce reminiscence statistic statistics televise television * burgle, commentate, edit, peddle, scavenge, sculpt, swindle air-condition, babysit, brainstorm, brainwash, browbeat, dry-clean, house-hunt, housekeep, sightsee, tape-record articulate, assassinate, coeducate, demarcate, emote, intuit, legislate,marinate, orate, vaccinate, valuate * Abbreviations Clipping Back-clippings: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), exam(ination), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)s Fore-clippings: (ham)burger, (omni)bus, (violin)cello, (heli)copter, (alli)gator, (tele)phone, (earth)quake Fore-and-aft clippings: (in)flu(enza), (de)tec(tive) * Acronym AIDS, Aids: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ASAP: as soon as possible CD-ROM: compact disc read-only memory WASP: white Anglo-Saxon protestant dink(y): double income, no kids nilk(y): no income, lots of kids * Initialism AI: artificial intelligence a.s.a.p.: as soon as possible ECU: European Currency Unit HIV: human immunodeficiency virus PC: personal computer PS: postscript RSVP: répondez s’il vous plait (‘please reply’ in French) * Analogical creation From irregular to regular: work: wrought worked beseech: besought beseeched slay: slew slayed? go: went goed??? * Borrowing French: Government and law: administrat