13.1机器和大工业(国外英语资料).doc

13.1机器和大工业 Thirteenth chapters Machines and large industries 1. the development of machines John Stuart Muller said in his book principles of political economy Avenue： It is doubtful whether all the existing mechanical inventions have lightened any mans daily toil.. (86) But this is by no means the purpose of capitalist use of machinery. Like all the other hair The same is true of the way labour productivity is developed. Machines are meant to make goods cheaper and to shorten workers A portion of the work spent for himself so as to extend the work he gave to the capitalists free of charge Day part. A machine is a means of producing surplus value. The transformation of the mode of production, in the handicraft industry, starts with the labor force and works in the big industry In the industry, the starting point is labor data. Therefore, first of all, we should study how the labor data comes from What is the difference between a machine and an industrial tool?. Here We can only talk about striking general features, because of all the times in social history, just as the earth In all spheres of history, it is impossible to draw abstract, strict boundaries. Mathematicians and mechanics say that tools are simple machines, and machines are complex tools. Some British economists also repeat this statement. They do not see the essence between the two The difference between even simple mechanical forces such as levers, ramps, spirals, wedges, etc. is also called Machine. (87) it is true that any machine is made up of these simple forces, regardless of it How to refit and combine?. But from an economic point of view, this explanation is useless, Because there is no historical element in it. On the other hand, others think of tools and machines The difference is that the power of the tool is man, and the motive force of the machine is different from that of the human power Forces, such as livestock, water, wind, etc.. (88) in accordance with this statement, the poles are dif