2官营手家当(国外英语资料).doc

2官营手工业 Official handicraft industry. Development: the Western Zhou Dynasty, official unified management of the handicraft industry in the early Ming Dynasty until now, camp handicraft has been dominated in ancient times; in the middle of Ming Dynasty, official handicraft industry shrinking. According to the operating characteristics of the industry to set up the car, are: Tao Zheng farmers management has various skills of artisans craftsmen; focus on government set up the workshop, farmers accept supervision, use the government supply of raw materials, production and processing products designated official; craftsman occupation hereditary; camp handicraft production of a wide range, large scale, meticulous division of labor, the highest level represents the production skills; but the official workshop regardless of the cost, do not enter the market, the lack of competition, take compulsory labor and super economic means of exploitation, abuse. Often causes the craftsman to revolt fiercely, the product quality is bad, the production efficiency is low. Private handicraft industry. Development: the spring and Autumn period, private handicraft industry development, and the scale of production, expanding the scope of; since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the remarkable development of private handicraft industry, the commercialization of large rural family handicraft industry deepen. By the middle of Ming Dynasty, the handicraft industry gradually surpassed the official handicraft industry and occupied the leading position in handicraft industry. Operating characteristics: before the Tang Dynasty, mainly to farmers and urban household sideline small family workshops in the form of; to the late Ming Dynasty, the number of workers employed large-scale workshop or workshop is increasing, and the bred budding capitalist relations of production. Guan Ying characteristics of handicraft industry: (1) from the Western Zhou Dynasty (new archaeological discoveries of the Shang Dynas