弹塑性力学第十三章.docVIP

13. DYNAMIC PROBLEMS 13.1. Basic Concepts All the problems studied so far have been static or quasi-static. The solution of such a problem, the stress field satisfies the equilibrium equation with the prescribed body force and the static boundary conditions with the prescribed surface tractions. The effects of inertia are neglected. When the elastic-plastic bodies or structures loaded by dynamically forces, such as impulsive loading, impact, earthquake loading, periodical machine loading etc., the effects inertia cannot be neglect. If not, we will impossible obtain the correct solution. In a body made of a perfect elastic material, the ultimate peak-value of a dynamic loading is not greater than the dynamic limit load under which nowhere enter to the plastic state, we will observe that the considered elastic body is in vibrating state. For a standard perfect plastic material, if a loading in excess of the limit loading is applied, then, obviously, the static problem has no solution, and inertia effects must be taken into account. If the duration of loading is short, enough of the external work may be transformed into kinetic energy so that excessive deformation is prevented and the elastic-plastic body will be still in its normal admissible working state. 13.1.1. Wave and Vibration (Traveling Wave and Standing Wave ) Physically, waves are a traveling disturbance and represent the transfer of energy from one point in a medium to some other point. Thus, there must be an initial disturbance of the medium, some forces must act to disturb the medium from its equilibrium position and thereby introduce new energy into the medium. If the medium is not elastic in its response to the energy introduction, it absorbs energy and only damped waves, plastic wave, and other kinds waves emanate from the disturbance area. If it is elastic, then the action of the forces causes the nearby portions of the medium to oscillate about their rest positions much as a spring-mass system. Becau