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Virtual time：（虚拟时间）
Virtual Time
DAVID R. JEFFERSON
University of Southern California
Virtual time is a new paradigm for organizing and synchronizing distributed systems which can be
applied to such problems as distributed discrete event simulation and distributed database concur-
rency control. Virtual time provides a flexible abstraction of real time in much the same way that
virtual memory provides an abstraction of real memory. It is implemented using the Time Warp
mechanism, a synchronization protocol distinguished by its reliance on lookahead-rollback, and by
its implementation of rollback via antimessages.
Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.1.3 [Programming Techniques]: Concurrent Programming;
F.1.2 [Computation by Abstract Devices]: Modes of Computation-paralblim; D.4.1 [Operating
Systems]: Process Management-synchronization; D.4.7 [Operating Systems]: Organization and
Design-distributed systems
General Terms: Performance, Reliability, Theory, Verification
Additional Key Words and Phrases: Concurrency control, simulation, Time Warp
1. INTRODUCTION
In this paper we propose a new paradigm for distributed computation, called
virtual time, and an implementation for it, called the Time Warp mechanism.
The virtual time paradigm is a method of organizing distributed systems by
imposing on them a temporal coordinate system more computationally meaning-
ful than real time, and defining all user-visible notions of synchronization and
timing in terms of it. The Time Warp mechanism implements virtual time, and
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