上海高考语法整理(2014.2修订).docx

一、动词相关语法A.动词的非谓语：形式非谓语的属性和其充当的句子成分对应表n.a.ad.to do主宾表同定语or补语状语doing主宾表同定语\p.p\定语or补语or表语状语e.g暂时省略非谓语的动作含义to do动作未然（未发生）【具体，某次行为】doing主动进行、已发生、习惯p.p被动完成to do /doing做主语表示笼统的动作（doing）表示具体，特别是将来的动作（to do）It做形式主语代替to do /doing【It’s no use(good)/a waste of time + doingto do /doing/p.p 做表语（1）★to do / doing做宾语长跟不定式做宾语的动词：hope/manage/ask/offer/promise/pretend/tend/attempt/decide/desire/agree/care/choose/determine/except/fail/arrange/plan/refuse/wish常跟doing做宾语：allow/permit/advise/recommend/suggest/finish/avoid/mind/enjoy/imagine/miss/delay/practice/forbid/risk/consider/deny/fency/excuse/endure(容忍)/escape/bear/tolerate/stand可以接to do/doing的动词｝love/like/hate/prefer/dislike/begin/start/continue/can’t bear/propose（建议；订婚）/want/need/.remember/intend/forget/regret/try/deserve注意点：部分情况下。To do和doing意思不同doing常做介宾★★to do可作为except/but的宾语。语法原则：前面有do，后面没to；前面没有do；后面就有toe.g：1.She can do everything except look2.He wanted nothing but to stay there.To do/doing/p.p做宾语补语（1）宾语和宾补有被动 1.p.p做补语 2. 3. （2） ……主动.★to do/doing./p.p做定语to do做定语（表将来。补介词）doing做定语（原则：doing做a.）（有时doing短语后置被当作定语从句）p.P做定语（原则p.p做a）.★to do./doing/p.p做状语①to do表目的（so as to/in order to）、结果(too……to)② 用在做表语的a.后，说明产生情绪的原因分词做时间、条件、原因、伴随状语①doing表主动②p.p表被动动词非谓语形式的逻辑主语主语为句子主语本身作定语时，被修饰词为主语做宾补语是，主语为宾语需要有独立主语两种结构：①不定式复合结构（for/of sb. to do）②动名词复合结构（one’s doing）口语中的非谓语（逗号隔开，不做语法分析）to make matter worse /speaking of/believe it or not/to tell you the truth***独立结构虚拟语气相关用法（注意点：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。）1.在if非真实条件句中，虚拟语气表示与事实相反或可能相反，用法如下表：情况从句主句与现实情况相反were/didwould(should，could，might)+do与过去事实相反haddonewould(should，could，might)+have done与将来事实相反were/didshould dowere to dowould(should，could，might)+do例子：If Iwere you,I would not do it(与现实情况相反)If he had had enough money at that time,he might have bought it.(与过于情况相反)If it should snow tomorrow, we could make a snowman.(与将来情况相反)2.wish可以引导宾语从句，从句中使用虚拟语气可以表达难以实现的愿望。①若表示与现实相反的愿望，从句用一般过去式。②表示与过去事实相反，从句用had+done或者would+have+done③表示将来不太有把握的愿望，从句用would/could+doeg:I wish I were