网优基础知识培训二介绍.ppt

* 为什么会有衰落？地形的影响、环境的影响、距离的影响等。接收电平主要受距离、天线高度、发射功率等的影响。 * 图3表明了基本衰耗中值Am(f,d)与工作频率、通信距离的关系。从中可以看出随着工作频率的升高可通信距离的增大，传播衰耗都会增加。图中纵座标以分贝计量，这是基站天线有效高度hb=200m,移动台天线高度hm=3m，从自由空间的传播衰耗为基准值，求得的衰耗中值。实际路径衰耗应再加上自由空间的传播衰耗。 例： 当d=10Km,hb=200m,hm=3m,f=900MHz时，计算实际路径衰耗值。 * 这里要讲一个概念：阴影效应，所谓阴影效应是指 * 这里要求掌握一个概念，什么叫多径效应？ * 分别解释什么叫垂直极化与水平极化？ * 双极化天线适应场所：基站。 * 天线的功能：控制辐射能量的去向。 * The wavefront overlaps away from the antenna causing the signal concentrate along the horizontal axis. Above and below this axis the wavefronts separate, and the signal falls off. Far enough away and the wavefronts cancel each other out and you get a null. * 5In this example the “sector” is delivering 8mW to the distant receiver, compared with 4 mW from the “omni” with 4 dipoles and 1mW from a single dipole. Satellite antennas use a very large reflector to get a very narrow beam (cf a spotlight) * * 25dB is equivalent to a power ratio of about 1 to 300, eg: a forward power of 300Watts and a reverse power of 1 Watt. * The beamwidth specifications define the shape of an antennas main beam. The narrower the beam the higher the gain. * Sidelobes are extra beams that come about as the result of having more than one radiating element. More elements produce more sidelobes. Note that Deltec antennas usually only have one dipole in the horizontal direction and so there are no sidelobes on the horizontal pattern. However up to 10 elements may be used vertically, resulting in sidelobes. Eg: 4 element antenna 8 element antenna MTPA 4 pattern MTPA 8 pattern * 必须掌握天线下倾的几种方式。 * 波束下倾的作用：一、控制覆盖；二、减小交调。 * * * * For older cellular systems, 14dB was usually considered adequate, but newer digital systems now require at least 16dB and preferably 18dB. * 看上述指标，熟悉并掌握天线相关知识与概念。 基本概念 天线的概念 ? 天线增益与方向图半功率波瓣宽度的关系 为使波束指向朝向地面，需要天线下倾 无下倾 电下倾 机械下倾 由图可以看出机械下倾方法。当下倾角度达到10o时，水平方向图严重变形，必然产生越区覆盖；而电下倾时，水平方向图基本保持不变。 ? 天线的下倾 基本概念 天线的概念 6° 电下倾 + 4° 机械下倾 10°机械下倾 10°电下倾  ? 电下倾下的波束覆盖 基本概念 天线的概念 ? 天线波束下倾的演示 基本概念 天线的概念 ? 天线波束下倾的作用 基本概