chap 1化学史概要1.pptx

Chapter 1: The Atom in Modern Chemistry Part 1: The Physical Structure of Atoms Early Ideas About Matter Greek Philosophers Atoms 亚里士多德 Atoms Atomic theory of matter: 1.Matter consists of indivisible atoms. 2. All the atoms of a given chemical element are identical in mass and in all other properties. 3. Different chemical elements have different kinds of atoms; in particular, their atoms have different masses. 4. Atoms are indestructible and retain their identities in chemical reactions. 5. Atoms of the elements combine with each other in small integer ratios to form compounds. Physical Structure of Atoms Electrons A Crookes tube Because the phosphorescence persist even when there is no gas in the tube, they must be emitted from the cathode and so were named cathode rays. Invisible light? Or negatively charged particles? In 1897，J.J. Thomson proved cathode rays are negatively charged particles called electrons and calculated the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, e/me FE = eE (e is the charge on the electron, E is the strength of electric field) a = FE /me= eE/me (me is mass of the electron) which results in a displacement given by (t is the time required to travel distance l) Electrons Substituting t=l/v, (v is velocity of electron travelling through plates) S=D*L/l v = ? Electrons arriving at the screen have been displaced by Electrons The force due to the electric field E was FE = eE =mea the force due to the magnetic field B was FB= evB Substituting v into S: currently accepted value is e/me =1.7588202×1011 C kg-1 Electrons Charge of the Electron Millikan and his student H. A. Fletcher measured the charge of the electron in 1906 The net force on stationary droplets is zero; balancing the electrical and gravitational forces gives Mg = QE (M is the mass of the droplet, g is the acceleration due to gravity, Q is the charge on the droplet, and E is the electric field stren