Chapter 2 Speech Sounds语言学第二讲概要1.pptVIP

Plurals in English a. The [?] appears after voiceless sounds. b. The [?] appears after voiced sounds. c. The [??] appears after sibilants. /?/ ? [?] / [–voice, C] _____ (Devoicing) ? ? [?] / [+sibilant] _____ [?] (Epenthesis) Rule ordering The Elsewhere Condition The more specific rule applies first. 4.3 Distinctive features The idea of Distinctive Features was first developed by Roman Jacobson (1896-1982) in the 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds. Since then several versions have been suggested. 5. Suprasegmentals Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are: 5.1 The syllable structure σ Onset Rime Nucleus Coda k r ? k t Open syllable: bar, tie Closed syllable: bard, tied English Syllable: (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C) Chinese syllable: (C)V(C) Maximal Onset Principle (MOP) When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. 5.2 Stress Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. In transcription, a raised vertical line [│] is often used just before the syllable it relates to. A basic distinction is made between stressed and unstressed syllables, the former being more prominent than the latter, which means that stress is a relative notion. At the word level, it only applies to words with at least two syllables. At the sentence level, a monosyllabic word may be said to be stressed relative to other words in the sentence. Changing English Stress Pattern Becoming norm inTEGral coMMUNal forMIDable conTROVersy Considered conservative INtegral COMMunal FORmidable CONtroversy RP laBORatory DEBris GARage GA LABoratory deBRIS gaRAGE RP vs. GA Verb conVICT i