Chapter 3 Morphology概要1.docVIP

Chapter 3 Morphology 1. What is word? Definition: A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. A vague definition: Three senses are involved in defining 搘ord? none of which is satisfactory to cope with all the situations. 1.1 Identification of words Stability: stable linguistic units. chairman, but not *manchair Relative uninterruptibility: though we recognize three components in the word disappointment, we cannot pause and add another component in between, as in *disinterestappointment. But we can add another word between words: Paul, (John) and Mary?A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself. Sentence---the maximum free form Word---the minimum free form, the smallest unit that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance e.g. --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly. Hi. Wonderful. 词的特征 词是由词素构成，比词素高一级的句法单位。词具有以下特征： 一 词具有固定的语音形式。 二 词具有一定的意义。词可以分属实义语类和功能语类。实义语类主要表示词汇意义，包括名词，动词，形容词，副词和介词。功能语类主要表示语法意义，起连接或附着作用，包括限定词，助动词，代词，标句词和连词。 三 词是能够独立运用的最小的语言单位。 2 Classification of words 2.1 Variable and invariable words Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings. 2.2 Grammatical words and lexical words Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns Lexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The lexical words carry the main content of a language (content words) and the grammatical words serve to link the different parts of a sentence together (function words). 2.3Closed-class words and open-class words: Closed-class: a wo