Chapter 3新编语言学教程 Morphology概要1.pptVIP

Contents of chapter 3 1. Words morphology 1.1 What is word? 1.2 How to define word? 1.3 Classifications of words 1.4 Definition of morphology 2. The smallest unit of morphology the classification of morphemes 3. Morphs and allomorphs 4. Types of word formation 1.1 What is “word”? Word Three senses of word A. Word is a physically definable unit. 词是自然的有界限的对立单位。 In phonology： /it is ‘w?nd?ful/ In orthography：It is wonderful. 人们可以把词看作两个间歇或空白之间的一套音段成分或是字母组合。 连读？缩写？还是一个词么？ B. Word is both a general term and a specific term. 词既是一个普通术语又是一个专门术语。 The same word or different words? Girl girls Play, played, playing, plays C. Word is a grammatical unit. 词是一个语法单位。 Word is one of the scales in grammar. Sentence Small clause Phrase Word morpheme 1.21.2 How to define word? Identification of words A. stability(稳定性): Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure. B. relative uninterruptability（相对连续性）: new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word, and nor is one allowed to use pauses between the parts of a word. C. a minimum free form（最小自由形式）: word is the smallest unit that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance. 1.3 Classifications of words Words can be classified according to three dimensions: A. in terms of variability 可变性 variable words可变化词 Words which have ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms and part of the word remains relatively constant. invariable words 非变化词 Words which do not have inflective endings. B. in terms of meaning 表达意义 grammatical words 语法词 Words which express grammatical meanings. The grammatical words serve to link different parts of a language together, so they are also called function words. E.g. conj. Prep. Art. pron. lexical words 词汇词