Chapter 4 Morphology概要1.pptVIP

Chapter 4 Morphology（形态学） 2012 questions Is a word the smallest meaningful unit in language? Can a word be split into smaller units? Learner, learners, learns, learning, learned, What are the functions of the smaller units? What is the rule of word formation? Contents Morphology introduction Morphemes and allomorphs Classification of Morphemes Identification of Morphemes Word-formation (hierarchical structure of words, word-formation process) approaches 4.1 Morphology introduction Definition: Morphology is the studies of the internal structure of words and rules of word formation. It is related to the sound, meaning and syntactic function. History of the term ‘Morphology’ It is said that the term ‘Morphology’ was first used in biology in 1860s, influenced by Darwin’s biological discoveries. According to the idea of word ‘evolution’ , words in Indo-European language have 400-500 basic roots (Matthews 1991:2-3). (a diachronic perspective) Influenced by structurism ( esp. Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures) in 1940s-50s, morphology has become one part of syntax. It is studied in terms of lexical research both in linguistics and literature. 4.2 Morphemes（语素/词素） morphs（形态） and allomorphs（语素/词素变体） Morphemes：are the minimal meaningful units of words. E.g. Ss break up words into morphemes Deconctextualization Introduction Teacher Unhappy Studying (some morphemes have the grammatical meaning, it contributes to the formation of word class, tense, voice, number, person, etc.) In many languages, what appear to be single forms actually turn out to contain a large number of ‘word-like’ elements. E.g. Nitakupenda (Swahili, a language in East Africa) Meaning: I will love you. (Ni·ta·penda·ku ) So we use ‘morphemes’ to describe the elements that form a linguistic message. Morphemes and morphs(词素和形态) Morphemes are abstract units, realized in speech by discrete phonological units called as “morphs” (meaning ‘form’ in Greek). Most morphemes have one morph, they are corresp